Why is animal experiment very important?
Why is animal experiment very important?
In the process of communicating with a foreign postgraduate student today, I found that there are still some obvious problems in the postgraduate's understanding of animal experiments, especially the misunderstanding of the basic principles of animal experiment design. Here, some of the more prominent issues are analyzed in order to throw aside the jade.
In medical research, clinically observed evidence is the most important first-hand, because only human data is closest to the actual situation. In the development of medicine, animal experiments used to play a very important role. For example, in the early days when people wanted to carry out research on organ transplantation, they first repeated experiments on animals, selected surgical methods, and found ways to overcome organ rejection. In this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine, in vitro fertilization technology was also used in human experiments after repeated animal experiments, and finally succeeded. Of course, there are precedents for human experiments, such as caesarean section, which was performed by a butcher on her wife at the earliest. This situation is relatively rare. And even this case illustrates the importance of animal experiments. The butcher has repeatedly conducted anatomical training on animals in the past to have this possibility of success, so it also belongs to the situation of animal experiments and human body verification. Drug research is going to go through the same process, first low-level animal experiments, then higher-level animal experiments, and finally multi-phase clinical experiments, and the effect research is basically completed in the animal experiment stage, human experiments are only to verify the effect and safety Evaluation.
The main purpose of animal experiments is to extend research to humans through the study of animals, to explore the mysteries of human life, control human diseases and aging, and extend human life. Therefore, animal experiment is obviously a more important biomedical research method. However, there are still some one-sided or even wrong understandings of animal experiments. The particularly prominent performance is that they do not pay attention to animal experiments. This problem exists not only in many graduate students, but also in some clinicians. Many graduate students believe that animal experiments are inferior to cytology research and molecular biotechnology, and that molecular biology and cytology research are more important than animal experiments. Regarding this problem analysis, I once wrote "Don't do meaningless experiments", pointing out that this is a problem of experimental technology worship. Some clinicians believe that the level of animal experiments is too low, and clinical practice is the real work. I once heard the saying "Doctors are not veterinarians". The implication is that clinical medicine does not require animal experiments. This is obviously wrong.
There are many types of animal experiments, such as for genetic research, such as the role of classic fruit flies in genetic research, and more research on disease models. The most used are for safety evaluation and drug effect evaluation. I am familiar with the evaluation of the drug effect of disease models.
How to choose animal model of disease. Choose the disease model as much as possible to focus on the problem, for example, to study cerebral ischemia, there are many animal models, there are classic middle cerebral artery insertion method, can study regional cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, there are four arterial ligation models, you can study the whole Cerebral ischemia, similar to the situation where the heart resumes beating after stopping. There is also a Mongolian gerbil unilateral cerebral ischemia animal model, because the animal's brain has a defect in the basilar artery ring, which is a special but convenient unilateral cerebral ischemia animal model. There are also models of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, which simulates neonatal asphyxia. When choosing an animal model, be sure to select the animal model in a targeted manner based on the problem to be studied. Of course, factors such as production methods and experimental conditions must be fully considered.
How to design animal experiment? For example, in the study of evaluating the mechanism of drug action, the general principle is that there are three aspects of the research content. One is physiological and functional evaluation. For example, cerebral ischemia requires behavioral research. This content generally reflects the overall effect and is a very important research content. However, because such research data is generally not very stable, it is of great importance to the experimenters and the environment. The requirements are relatively high, and many graduate students do not pay much attention to research in this area. The other is morphological research, for example, because morphological research can provide relatively objective image data, combined with fluorescent staining and ultrastructure, can provide more vivid image and localization evidence. Then there is data detection data, for example, you can use WestBlot to provide protein level detection; use PCR to provide mRNA data; use Elesa to detect the immune activity level of various proteins (such as various cytokines, inflammatory factors and other peptides); use chemical Analyze, electrophoresis, gas phase and other equipment to analyze the content of response substances; and the derivative technology of the above research. For a relatively complete experiment, generally these data must be carried out in order to obtain satisfactory results.
Animal experiments need multiple evidences to prove the same problem. This is an inevitable requirement for the complexity of the organism itself, and it is necessary to reflect the same change and the same phenomenon from different sides, so as to improve the degree of confirmation and improve the credibility of the research. This is similar to a *** investigation. For example, a murder case requires a variety of evidence, motives for murder, evidence on the spot, and best evidence. Of course, the more evidence, the more accurate the judgment. For example, if we want to study apoptosis, we can use HE staining to analyze the location and overall situation of tissue damage, use Tunel to study the morphology of apoptosis, and use WestBlot to study the detection of important apoptotic proteins (such as Bcl2/Bax, etc.). The activity of apoptotic protease was detected by ELISA.
动物实验
z-bo
2020-07-17
692