女性普遍寿命长于男性 z-bo 2020-09-24 421

　　A study found that the reason why women live longer than men is determined by genetic programming. As we all know, women tend to live longer than men. But now scientists have discovered that this "male disadvantage" phenomenon is not unique to humans—not just because men are more likely to die in wars, violent conflicts, or industrial accidents. Studies on monkeys and apes have found that males in primates generally have shorter life spans than females.

　　The results of this study were published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The data comes from an analysis of more than 1 million births and deaths, spanning from the 18th century to the present.

　　The research data comes from a variety of people, including people from post-industrial societies such as Sweden and Japan, people born in the pre-industrial period, and modern hunter-gatherers. They provide basic clues to how long humans may have lived before supermarkets and modern medicine.

　　These data are compared with the birth and death data of six wild primates in the past fifty years. These six primates include Verreaux's sifaka lemur, woolly spider monkey, and curly tail. Monkeys, baboons, chimpanzees and gorillas.

　　One of the co-authors of the paper, Susan Alberts, a professor at Duke University in the United States, said: "Male disadvantage has a profound evolutionary root."

　　She added: “Compared to women, men are usually at a disadvantage in terms of life expectancy and life equality. This situation occurs in various primates and people with different levels of life expectancy.

　　Data shows that humans have achieved rapid and dramatic increases in life expectancy.

　　For example, in the past 200 years, the life expectancy of Swedes has increased significantly from around 35 to over 80, which means that babies born today are expected to live more than twice as long as babies born in the early 19th century.

　　The Hadza people of Tanzanian hunter-gatherers and the Acha people of Paraguay still live a traditional way of life. Compared with them, the oldest people in the world have an average lifespan advantage of 40 or 50 years.

　　But the average lifespan of modern hunter-gatherers is 10 to 20 years longer than that of chimpanzees, and human ancestors began to differentiate from chimpanzees only millions of years ago.

　　Professor Alberts said: "In the millions of years of human evolution, the life span of human beings has increased the most in the past few hundred years.

　　In modern Japan and Sweden, the child mortality rate has dropped to less than three per thousand, and the child mortality rate in these two countries was more than one third two centuries ago.

　　But to the researchers’ surprise, the gap in life expectancy between men and women has hardly changed.

　　For example, a girl born in Sweden in 1800 is expected to live three to four years longer than her male companion.

　　Two hundred years later, as the life expectancy of Swedes has increased by 45 years, the difference in life expectancy between men and women has hardly changed, and it is still three to four years.

　　Professor Alberts said: "This is very strange. If we can extend our lives so long, why can't we narrow the gap between men and women in terms of longevity?

　　Scientists have proposed many explanations, including genetics.

　　Men carry only one X chromosome, which means that women with two X chromosomes can better compensate for harmful genetic mutations.

　　Professor Albert said that another possibility is that men are more often engaged in dangerous behaviors, such as wars.