干细胞,癌症 z-bo 2020-09-30 326

　　[1] Nat Commun: Demystifying the key role of stem cells in lethal gastric cancer

　　Doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13847-2

　　Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature Communications, scientists from Cornell University made new discoveries in the research of common and fatal gastric cancer through research. In the United States, the incidence of gastroesophageal cancer has increased by 2.5 times from the 1970s to the early 2000s. However, since the 1950s, the number of all gastric cancer patients has decreased by more than 80%; nevertheless, Gastric cancer is still the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third leading cause of death from cancer.

　　In this study, researchers have identified a new pathway in gastroesophageal cancer, which may be used as a potential target to help develop new therapies; a type of stem cell progeny called Lgr5+ may gather together in large numbers, thus in the two This place where stomach tissue meets promotes cancer. The researcher Professor Alexander Nikitin said that at the global level, gastric squamous columnar junction cancer (gastric esophageal cancer) is a frequent disease, and the prognosis of patients is poor. Therefore, studying the mechanism of this type of cancer and how to treat it for patients It’s very important.

　　[2] Oncotarget: Scientists have identified special leukemia stem cells, which is expected to develop new targeted therapies

　　Doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27356

　　Acute myeloid leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. Its main feature is the pathological expansion of immature cells (myeloblasts). These cells invade the bone marrow and expand into the blood, thereby affecting The production of other healthy cells in the body; although patients usually respond to chemotherapy-based treatments, many patients will eventually relapse or show some tolerance to the therapy.

　　The cause of disease recurrence and resistance to therapy is usually due to the existence of leukemia stem cells, which can turn on cancer again and thus become resistant to therapy. However, identifying these leukemia stem cells is a big challenge for scientists. Because there are currently no special markers to help detect and isolate these stem cells. Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Oncotarget, scientists from the Josep Carreras Institute of Leukemia have developed an innovative test through research that can detect alkaline phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase) in myeloblasts. phosphatase) to help identify the presence of leukemia stem cells.

　　[3] Nat Cell Biol: Innovative methods may help to study the microenvironment of stem cells, which is expected to help develop new therapies for the treatment of leukemia and other blood diseases

　　Doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0439-6

　　Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature Cell Biology, scientists from European Molecular Biology Laboratory and other institutions have developed a new method through research that can reveal the three-dimensional bone marrow at the single-cell level. Organizational structure. Since bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that are responsible for the life-long blood production of the body, relevant research results may be expected to help researchers in-depth study of the molecular mechanisms of various blood cancers.

　　The researchers said that this new method can help us analyze the characteristics of complex organs. Researchers focus on the bone marrow of mice. The bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce lifelong blood, because it affects stem cells and maintains blood production. Ability, scientists are now very interested in using the bone marrow environment as a new target for targeted therapy of leukemia. Researcher Chiara Baccin said that as of now, we don’t know how different types of cells organize spatially in the bone marrow, and how they interact with each other. The new method we have developed can help reveal the composition of cells. , That is, the three-dimensional organization structure and how cells interact. In the article, the researchers identified previously unknown cell types—niche cells, which may be very important for the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells.

　　【4】Nature: Targeting cancer stem cells may cure acute myeloid leukemia

　　Doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1835-6

　　Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature, scientists from Australia’s Peter McAllen Cancer Center and other institutions have discovered through research that a kind of acute myeloid leukemia (AML, acute myeloid leukemia) is targeted at the root. Leukemia) new methods, related research findings may help develop new therapies for the treatment of malignant and refractory blood cancers.

　　In the article, the researchers identified a special target among AML stem cells that can be used as a new drug for the development of new drugs. AML stem cells are the key to supporting the progression of leukemia. Although these stem cells are very rare, they are inducing AML to fight cancer. The main reason for the treatment resistance. Researcher Mark Dawson said that current treatments for AML are good at eliminating the main cancer cells, but they often leave very rare leukemia cells behind, causing cancer recurrence after treatment.

　　[5] Sci Rep: Identifying new biomarkers for cancer stem cells, promising to develop highly effective anti-cancer therapies

　　Doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51004-3

　　In the world of cancer biology, not all biomarkers are the same. These molecules can remind doctors that abnormal processes in the patient's body may be going on, which will appear in the form of a series of abnormal proteins, such as hormones and enzymes. Class or signal molecule, etc., and it varies from person to person. Because it is a group of mixtures, there is no drug that can effectively target it. Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Scientific Reports, scientists from the University of Houston and other institutions conducted research on cancer A new type of biomarker has been discovered in stem cells, which may direct the survival and spread of cancer. Related research results may help researchers develop new drugs to target cancer stem cells, thereby inhibiting cancer progression.

　　Researcher Gomika Udugamasooriya said that we have discovered this new type of biomarker called plectin in cancer stem cells. Plectin may serve as a new target to help researchers develop useful anti-cancer drugs; Plectin It is a special structural protein, which is mainly expressed in cells, but its invasiveness and metastasis are directly related to its easy location on the cell surface.

　　[6] J Hepatol: Researchers show the potential of targeting cancer stem cells to treat liver cancer

　　Doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.035

　　Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The most common primary liver cancer in adults is called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and approximately 780,000 people die from liver cancer each year. Even with advanced surgical treatment or transplantation, the 5-year survival rate of HCC patients is still very low, which is caused by frequent recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, in a research report published in the International Journal of Hepatology, a new study by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) showed a potential treatment for advanced liver cancer (such as HCC). The researchers found that A class of small molecule drugs targeting JAK/STST can be used to fight cancer.

　　The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is a group of important proteins that control a wide range of biological functions, including immune response and cell development. This pathway usually responds to external signals from the cell, opening a specific genome, helping the cell develop normally or allowing the immune system to fight infection. Therefore, if the JAK/STAT signaling pathway goes wrong in some way, it will lead to the formation of tumors. In their research, the research team targeted the JAK/STAT pathway to inhibit its role in tumor formation. They found that a type of cancer "stem cell-like" cells are sensitive to a type of small molecule drugs that inhibit the JAK/STAT pathway. These stem cell-like cells can renew themselves and are responsible for the cancer cells that make up tumors.

　　[7] Cell Stem Cell: Reveal a new mechanism for maintaining leukemia stem cells! It is expected to completely combat cancer stem cells

　　Doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.018

　　Most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia can be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These drugs are very effective and can produce deep relief and prolong survival. However, these patients still have quiescent leukemia stem cells, so they must continue to use inhibitor therapy to maintain remission. These "resting cells" are leukemia stem cells that remain quiescent in the bone marrow microenvironment. Bone marrow is a special anatomical location, which is known to maintain normal hematopoietic stem cells (the precursors of all blood cells). However, the maintenance role of leukemia stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia remains unclear.

　　In a study published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, researchers from the University of Alabama at Birmingham described how a specific cytokine specifically expressed by specific bone marrow cells controls the resting of these treatment-resistant leukemia stem cells. This chemokine is CXCL12, and the bone marrow cells expressing the chemokine are mesenchymal cells. It was previously known that mesenchymal mesenchymal cells help maintain normal stem cells. The researchers said that among patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, primitive leukemia stem cells that have been dormant for a long time are the main obstacle to the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia; this work has determined what is responsible for keeping leukemia stem cells in a static and treatment-resistant state. Specific mesenchymal stromal cells, and showed that targeting these interactions can activate leukemia stem cells, make them sensitive to treatment, and enhance the ability to eliminate cancer cells.

　　[8] PNAS: Discovered a drug that can effectively kill glioma stem cells

　　Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1816626116

　　Recently, in a research report published in the international journal PNAS, scientists from the Scripps Research Institute discovered a compound that can efficiently and selectively kill glioma stem cells, and it is this group of cells that makes the brain Glioma is so deadly.

　　Researchers said that this compound called RIPGBM can kill glioma stem cells derived from tumors in patients, and the killing effect is 40 times that of the current standard treatment drug temozolomide for glioma. They also found that RIPGBM is highly selective, will not kill other types of brain cells, and can significantly inhibit the growth of gliomas in mice. This study found that it provides great potential for the treatment of gliomas. New method; 10,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with glioma every year, which is difficult to treat, and the median survival time after diagnosis is only one year.

　　[9] Nature: reveal the molecular mechanism of brain stem cells transforming into new types of nerve cells or causing brain cancer

　　Doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0888-x

　　Stem cells are the "master key" of our body, because they can be transformed into many different types of cells in all organs. They can help muscles (even the brain) and other tissues to continuously renew and heal after injury. This magical multipotency Stem cells are expected to become a key tool for future scientists to develop regenerative medicine therapies. Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the German Cancer Research Center clarified how brain stem cells make decisions and transform them into new types. Nerve cells.

　　Researcher Ana Martin-Villalba and colleagues have been tracking the behavior of stem cells along the path to neuronal cells. They tracked the expression of genes at each stage and analyzed which genes are expressed and translated into new proteins. Researchers found that stem cells only need to completely turn off the genes of the stem cells to turn into neuron cells, but it turns out that this process is very complicated. The protein product in the pluripotency of the cell achieves this state.

　　【10】Cell Metabol: Successfully treat cancer by targeting the metabolism of cancer stem cells

　　Doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.006

　　A few days ago, in a research report published in the international journal Cell Metabolism, researchers from the University of Michigan found a vital clue through research that may help explain why cancer cells are resistant to therapy. . In 2003, the researcher Max S. Wicha and his colleagues found that a small part of tumor cells, namely cancer stem cells, can effectively promote the growth and spread of cancer, and killing these cancer stem cells may be able to completely eliminate cancer.

　　But fighting cancer is like a game of beating a mole. After knocking it down in one place, it will resurrect in another place. Now researchers have discovered through research that cancer stem cells may not only exist in one place. Moreover, it has very high plasticity, which means that it can change its form and switch back and forth between a dormant state and a rapid multiplication state. This plasticity gives cancer cells two key characteristics, namely reproduction and spread.