1. Clinical drug metabolism zoology research:

　　The recommended animal and sex should be as consistent as possible with the animal and sex used for pharmacological effects or toxicology studies. is compulsory. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters: It is best to use large animals, such as dogs and monkeys, which can sample multiple times on the same animal.

　　Drug distribution experiment: Rats and mice are more convenient.

　　Drug elimination test: Rats are generally preferred. Bile collection can be anesthetized with ether, and bile duct cannula drainage.

　　2. General pharmacological research

　　Research on a wide range of pharmacological effects in addition to the main pharmacological effects.

　　Animals: Rats, mice, cats, dogs and other genders are not restricted.

　　3. Research on drugs acting on the nervous system: Nootropics: Adult rats and mice are commonly used in juvenile and old mice. Sedation and hypnosis: Adult mice can be easily grouped.

　　Analgesics: Suitable for both adult rats and mice, males.

　　Analgesics: It must be administered in both males and females, including whole animals, usually adult mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, etc.

　　Central muscle relaxants: mice, cats.

　　Antipyretic: Rabbit is the first choice. Rabbit: Breed, age, room temperature, animal activity, etc. will have a major impact on the rate and extent of pyrogen reaction, and should be operated according to the Pharmacopoeia.

　　Ganglion block affects drugs. Cats are the first choice. The cervical ganglion is the most commonly used because it can be easily distinguished from the front and back.

　　4. Cardiovascular drug research:

　　Anti-myocardial ischemia drugs: dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice.

　　Antiarrhythmic drugs: Guinea pigs. Mouse operation is inconvenient.

　　Antihypertensive drugs: dogs, cats, mice. Do not use rabbits. Peripheral circulation is very sensitive to external environmental stimuli, and blood pressure changes greatly.

　　Heart failure drugs: dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits. Rats are usually not used.

　　Antihypertensive drugs: rats, rabbits. Model animals: WHHL rabbits suffer from hereditary hyperlipidemia.

　　Anti-atherosclerosis drugs: rabbits and quails are usually used. Antiplatelet aggregation agent, anticoagulant: rats, rabbits and mice can also be purchased separately.

　　5. Respiratory system drugs:

　　Antitussive examination: Guinea pigs sensitive to chemical or mechanical stimuli are the first choice. Cats: Rarely cough under physiological conditions. According to preliminary screening, it can be used to stimulate the upper laryngeal nerve to cause cough, and to further confirm the antitussive effect of the drug.

　　Dog: Suitable for observing the duration of antitussive effects of drugs.

　　U: Insensitive to chemical and electrical stimulation. Rats and mice: unreliable experiments.

　　Bronchodilator: commonly used guinea pigs: airway smooth muscle is sensitive to antispasmodics. Rats: Some immune and pharmacological properties are similar to humans.

　　Pregnant women: Male mice, rabbits, and cats are usually used.

　　6. Gastrointestinal tract:

　　Gastrointestinal spasm: rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, hermaphrodite.

　　cause vomiting and stop vomiting: Do not use dogs, cats, pigeons, rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats because they have no vomiting reflex.

　　7. Urology drugs:

　　Diuretics and antidiuretics: male rats or dogs are better.

　　8. Endocrine drugs:

　　Corticosteroids: rats and mice (male and female).

　　9. Family planning drugs:

　　Mid-term abortion drugs, uterine contraction drugs: female rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats.

　　Female contraceptives: female rats, hamsters, rabbits, macaques.

　　Male contraceptives: male inbred rats, monkeys.

　　10. Psychotropic drugs: anti-anxiety drugs: adult rats and mice, rabbits.

　　Antidepressants: rats and mice, followed by dogs and pigs.

　　2. Drug safety assessment test

　　(1) Acute toxicity

　　Most of them are half-lethal dose (LD50) experiments. In many countries, certain drugs no longer require LD50. You can save many animals and medicines. If the drug is very toxic, a tolerated dose experiment will be conducted. Rats and mice are the most commonly used, and closed groups are the most commonly used.

　　(2) Long-term toxicity test

　　Observe the continuous administration of the study drug. More than one animal is needed to accurately predict the clinical toxicity of the study drug.

　　is commonly used. One is a rodent, the other is a dog, monkey and piglet.

　　Rat: Closed group of large animals: Beagle dog

　　(3) Reproductive toxicity test: 3 independent tests

　　1. General reproductive toxicity test

　　2. Toxicity test during teratogenic susceptibility period

　　3 Perinatal toxicity test

　　At least 2 animals must be used, because drug sensitivity varies according to the type of animal.

　　Rodents: mice, rats, hamsters

　　Non-rodents: rabbits, dogs, primates.

　　(4) Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity research

　　Long-term carcinogenicity: 1. High requirements for animals. Commonly used: F344 rat, A mouse, knockout mouse.

　　2. Higher environmental requirements;

　　3. Eliminate all other carcinogens;

　　(5) Drug dependence test

　　The observation period is usually long and there are many items. Large, rats, monkeys are used. (6) Other toxicity studies

　　Drug toxicity study and one of its principles, namely the route of administration, must be consistent with the clinical administration route used. Local toxicity: transdermal administration. Usually rabbits, guinea pigs and rats (acute or long-term) are used.

　　topical medicine, guinea pig (allergic), irritation allergy test (not suitable for rat skin); rabbit, (irritating)

　　Suppositories: baby rabbits, rat nose drops, drops, inhalants: clinical use test methods, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits. Rabbits are suitable for ophthalmology.

　　Biological products, biotechnological products: with stricter species specificity.

　　3. Cardiovascular disease

　　1. Atherosclerosis:

　　Birds and rabbits: early selection and possible spontaneous atherosclerosis

　　:: Feed-induced hyperlipidemia can cause atherosclerotic lesions.

　　Available animals: mice, pigeons, pigs, dogs, turkeys, non-human primates.

　　Hesus monkey: Aortic stiffness may occur.

　　Minipigs: Spontaneous atherosclerosis. Inducing a high-fat diet may accelerate the formation of atherosclerosis.

　　2, Hypertension:

　　Commonly used dogs and mice

　　Dog: Similar to human hypertension.

　　Dogs are most suitable for neuropsychiatric hypertension.

　　Rat: It is more convenient to raise, raise, manipulate and measure blood pressure, and the drug response is similar to that of humans.

　　In: Because the blood pressure is not stable enough, it is usually not used.

　　SHR rats: Hypertension, pathology, physiology, pharmacology research. It has many similarities with human spontaneous hypertension.

　　Experimental induction: Stimulate the central nervous system reflex or inject pressurizing substances to gradually ligate the renal artery to induce renal hypertension.

　　3, myocardial ischemia

　　Coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction: dog, pig, cat, rabbit, rat. Coronary artery occlusion can be performed.

　　Dog: A good animal model of myocardial ischemia.

　　Boar: The blood supply of the collateral circulation and conduction system of the heart is similar to that of the human heart.

　　U: Open thoracic coronary artery ligation does not require artificial respiration.

　　Rat: Myocardial hypoxia tolerance test 4. Arrhythmia has been tested in commonly used rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, monkeys, pigs, etc.

　　Mouse: ECG has no S-T segment, and some wires have no T wave. Guinea pig: blood vessels are sensitive and bleeding a lot, suitable for observing changes in bleeding and vascular permeability.

　　Cell culture: dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse, chicken, other embryos, newborn or adult cardiac muscle.

　　Four. Digestive and respiratory diseases

　　The accuracy of the animal you choose is directly related to the accuracy of your results.

　　Rabbit, sheep, guinea pig: The digestive systems of herbivores and humans are very different, so there is no choice. Dog: A digestive system similar to the human digestive process has been developed, suitable for chronic experiments.

　　Pig: Respiratory system, urinary system and blood system are similar to newborns, and suitable for people with malnutrition, iron and copper deficiency.

　　Rat: Without gallbladder, it is suitable for bile collection experiment (horse boy) and hepatectomy.

　　Pancreatitis: Young female mice can cause choline deficiency and induce hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

　　In: study thyroid function.

　　Dog: The parathyroid glands are fixed on the surface of the thyroid gland. Remove parathyroid glands and maintain thyroid function.

　　Vomiting experiment:

　　Herbivores, such as commonly used cats, dogs, ferrets, pigeons, monkeys, etc., are not prone to vomiting reflexes.

　　Vitamin C research: Guinea pigs.

　　Pride: Monkeys are the most suitable, there are many tracheal glands, they still exist in the third bronchus.

　　Guinea pig: suitable for the research of tuberculosis and diphtheria, very sensitive to tuberculosis and diphtheria bacteria.

　　rats: pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis.

　　Zun: A human hepatitis B model for drug screening and pharmacodynamic research.

　　5. Nervous system:

　　is selected according to the characteristics of the animal's nervous system.

　　Gerbil: The connecting branch behind the basilar artery ring is defective.

　　DBA/2N: 35 days old, the incidence of auditory epilepsy is 100%

　　C57BL/KalWN: Congenital hydrocephalus. Morphine: High altitude rats and rabbits are not sensitive and can be used for nervous system research

　　mouse, cat: central excitement

　　Dog, rabbit, monkey, rat, human: central depression

　　Pus: Heart decompression nerves, etc.

　　Dog, cat: The nervous system is developed.

　　6. Urinary and endocrine diseases: Diabetes: Rats, rabbits, dogs, etc. have been artificially removed and duplicated the pancreas.

　　Aged mice: Kidney diseases are more common, and related diseases can be investigated

　　SWR mice: Diabetes for 6-10 months is common, and related diseases can be investigated

　　7. Radiation experiment research:

　　Various commonly used large mice, gerbils, dogs, pigs, monkeys, etc. have very different sensitivity to radiation

　　8, microorganisms:

　　There are different types of animals.. These include mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, dogs, monkeys and cats.

　　Mouse: Very sensitive to measles virus.

　　U: Very sensitive to many viruses and pathogens (rabies, smallpox, encephalitis, etc.).

　　nude mice: easy to be infected with bacteria, viruses and parasites. Study the immune system of infection.

　　9 kinds of senile diseases:

　　are mainly mammals, rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, pigs, monkeys, etc.

　　is the most widely used in rats. It is mainly based on cell biochemistry, digestive organs, hormones and enzymes.

　　Selection criteria: 1. Life should be clear and changes should be small.

　　2. It is resistant to infectious diseases, especially those with high mortality and high morbidity. 3. It is similar to humans in anatomy and physiology, especially similar diseases.

　　4. Recipe and nutrition are similar to human beings.

　　5. Clear information about chromatin, histology, stem cells, and immune system.

　　6. Easy to purchase, easy to manage and low maintenance cost.

　　7. You can infer the information obtained. 10. Behavioral genetics: mice are widely used. F1 hybrid generation animal: The difference in behavior lies in the behavior of its parents, which can be expressed as a hybrid. The same species, different varieties and strains respond differently to the same treatment.

　　Rat: Usually used for maze learning, the functional relationship between physiological and psychological characteristics, and maternal behavior.

　　Dog: widely used, easy to operate and manage, highly evolved, highly social animal. Rich action.

　　Non-primates: The study of abnormal behavior has many advantages over other animals and is closer to humans.

　　11, genetics

　　mainly belongs to the field of genetic diseases. All types of animals have genetic diseases, and some can be used as models for human genetic diseases.

　　12. Environmental pollution investigation:

　　Rodent: Widely used in rats, guinea pigs and air pollution assessment.

　　Heavy metal pollution: Certain wild animals, such as mice, dogs, cats and fish, are also good models.

　　Pesticide pollution: mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs and some birds.

　　Microbial environment: various animals, livestock, rodents, primates, fish, insects, birds, etc.

　　13. Nutrition

　　Note: Each animal has unique nutritional needs and metabolism. Characteristics, nutritional and metabolic characteristics, infection, immune response, commonly used animals: rats, guinea pigs, dogs, pigs, non-human primates, etc.

　　Aseptic and wine competition: play a unique role in the research of nutrition metabolism.

　　14. Tumor Research:

　　Experimental Oncology Department: etiology, etiology, screening of anticancer drugs, prevention and treatment methods.

　　Development of new anti-cancer drugs: rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, pigs, rabbits, birds, fish, primates. Mice: closed populations, inbred strains, mutant strains, genetically modified mice and various other types.

　　Tumor models: Spontaneous, inducible, transplantable and human tumor xenograft animal models.

　　15. Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine

　　TCM syndrome animal model: Yang deficiency, Yin deficiency, spleen deficiency, bradycardia, blood deficiency, congestion, stagnation of the liver, colds, fever, fever, diseases, Yi Shi 11

　　The idea of model creation: select some pathogenic factors similar to the clinical syndrome, and then manipulate the animals to create a model similar to the clinical syndrome.

　　Animals: commonly used mice, mice, golden hamsters, rabbits, cats, dogs, etc.